December 2017, Vol. 244, No. 12
Features
Arctic Extraction Could Occur from Artificial Island
America within a few years could be extracting oil from federal waters in the Arctic Ocean, but it won’t be from a remote drilling platform.
Federal regulators are taking comments on a draft environmental statement for the Liberty Project, a proposal by a subsidiary of Houston-based Hilcorp, to create an artificial gravel island that would hold production wells, a processing facility and the start of an undersea pipeline carrying oil to shore and connections to the Trans-Alaska pipeline.
The drilling would be the first in federal Arctic waters since Royal Dutch Shell, amid protest both in the United States and abroad, sent down an exploratory well in the Chukchi Sea off Alaska’s northwest coast in 2015.
Supporters like its chances. A final decision is in the hands of Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke. In December 2016, President Obama signed an executive order designating the bulk of U.S. Arctic Ocean waters indefinitely off-limits to future oil and gas leasing. But President Trump in April signed another order aimed at reversing the policy. Zinke said Trump’s actions would put the country on track for energy independence.
Opponents say Arctic offshore oil should stay in the ground where it won’t add greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and the melting of sea ice, the habitat of polar bears and walruses. They say spills are inevitable and cannot be cleaned up in icy Arctic water.
Opponents also question Hilcorp’s safety record. State authorities this year fined the company $200,000 for violations at another production site. Hilcorp also waited several months to address an undersea pipeline leaking millions of cubic feet of processed natural gas in Alaska’s Cook Inlet because of danger to divers, Lois Epstein, Arctic program director for The Wilderness Society, told an Anchorage hearing.
“This ongoing gas release into Cook Inlet, visible from the air, was a national embarrassment for Alaska,” she said.
The gas leaked from a pipeline supplying fuel to Hilcorp production platforms. The company confirmed the leak in February and lowered pressure in the line but waited until April to make repairs because of the threat to divers from floating ice. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation to date has found no evidence the leak harmed birds, fish or marine mammals.
The latest project is on federal leases sold in the 1990s. Hilcorp proposes to create the island about 15 miles (24 km) east of Prudhoe Bay, North America’s largest oil field. BP Exploration Alaska drilled at the site in 1997 and sold 50% of the assets to Hilcorp in 2014.
The island’s base on the ocean floor would be 24 acres, about the size of 18 football fields, with sloped sides leading to a work surface of 9 acres, the size of nearly seven football fields.
Trucks would travel by ice road to a hole cut in sea ice and deposit 83,000 cubic yards (63,450 million cubic meters) of gravel into 19 feet (6 meters) of water to create the island. A wall would fend off ice, waves and wildlife.
The island would be 5.6 miles (9 km) offshore. The surface would have room for 16 wells, including five to eight conventional production wells. At peak production, Hilcorp anticipates extracting 60,000-70,000 bpd for a total recovery of 80-150 MMbbls over 15-20 years.
Oil would reach shore by a pipe encased by a second pipe and equipped with a leak-detection system. It would be buried to prevent gouging by moving ice. At the end of production, the company would remove equipment and the wall and let waves and ice dismantle the island.
At a public hearing on the project last month, Joshua Kendrick, an attorney for the Alaska Oil and Gas Association, said opposition testimony has focused on rhetoric. Liberty would be the 19th artificial drilling island in Alaska, including four now pumping oil from state waters. Decisions should be made by data and science, he said, noting that Hilcorp is not proposing something novel.
“This isn’t venturing into new waters. Anyone who sells fear or the least likely outcome to discourage these types of investments coming forward is doing a disservice to Alaska and to the public,” he said.
Andy Mack, commissioner of the state Department of Natural Resources, said the body of information built up from wells on gravel islands in state waters should give people comfort about Liberty’s effects on marine mammals and the environment. Like other supporters, he touted Liberty’s economic benefits.
“Each of these facilities on its own, frankly, they’re not giant fields,” Mack said. “But they’re all very, very important to the economy of Alaska.”
Blake Upshaw of the Center for Biological Diversity said spills are inevitable and routine and cannot be cleaned up in Arctic waters.
“Oil companies have guaranteed safe operations to communities in Valdez, the Gulf of Mexico and Santa Barbara over the years, and we all know how projects in those locations turned out,” he said.
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management was to collect comment on its draft environmental review until Nov. 18.
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